Im März 2013 hat das European Council beschlossen, die Bankenunion über die folgenden Schritte zu komplettieren:
Der erste Schritt soll demnach die Schaffung eines Single Supervisory Mechanism, kurz SSM, sein. Im Prinzip geht damit die Bankenaufsicht in einem abgestuften Verfahren auf die EZB über. Der zweite Schritt soll festlegen, wie der European Stability Mechanism, kurz ESM, nach Etablierung des SSM und einer darauf folgenden Durchsicht der Bankbilanzen und dem Aufdecken der Schwachstellen Banken direkt rekapitalisiert. Und der dritte Schritt besteht in einem Rahmenwerk, der sich Single Resolution Mechanism, kurz SRM, nennt. Hierin wird festgelegt, wie sich der Prozess für die Sanierung und Auflösung einer Bank gestaltet. Letzerer wurde am 10. Juli von der Europäischen Kommission als Vorschlag vorgelegt.
In der Presseerklärung der Kommission zum SRM heißt es:
The SRM “would complement the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) (IP/12/953) which, once operational in late 2014, will see the European Central Bank (ECB) directly supervise banks in the euro area and in other Member States which decide to join the Banking Union. The Single Resolution Mechanism would ensure that – not withstanding stronger supervision – if a bank subject to the SSM faced serious difficulties, its resolution could be managed efficiently with minimal costs to taxpayers and the real economy.
The Single Resolution Mechanism would work as follows:
- The ECB, as the supervisor, would signal when a bank in the euro area or established in a Member State participating in the Banking Union was in severe financial difficulties and needed to be resolved.
- A Single Resolution Board, consisting of representatives from the ECB, the European Commission and the relevant national authorities (those where the bank has its headquarters as well as branches and/or subsidiaries), would prepare the resolution of a bank. It would have broad powers to analyse and define the approach for resolving a bank: which tools to use, and how the European Resolution Fund should be involved. National resolution authorities would be closely involved in this work.
- On the basis of the Single Resolution Board’s recommendation, or on its own initiative, the Commission would decide whether and when to place a bank into resolution and would set out a framework for the use of resolution tools and the fund. For legal reasons, the final say could not be with the Board.
- Under the supervision of the Single Resolution Board, national resolution authorities would be in charge of the execution of the resolution plan.
- The Single Resolution Board would oversee the resolution. It would monitor the execution at national level by the national resolution authorities and, should a national resolution authority not comply with its decision, it could directly address executive orders to the troubled banks.
- A Single Bank Resolution Fund would be set up under the control of the Single Resolution Board to ensure the availability of medium-term funding support while the bank was restructured. It would be funded by contributions from the banking sector, replacing the national resolution funds of the euro area Member States and of Member States participating in the Banking Union, as set up by the draft Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive.
The Commission’s role would be limited to the decision to trigger the resolution of a bank and the decision on the resolution framework, thereby ensuring its consistency with the Single Market and with EU rules on state aid, and safeguarding the independence and accountability of the overall mechanism.”
Klar ist, die drei Regelwerke werden zusammen genommen die Spielregeln für Europas Banken und die Bankenaufsicht grundlegend umkrempeln und die Rolle der EZB weiter deutlich stärken. Aufgrund der Bedeutung des Themas für die Bankenwelt spielt das Thema auch eine zentrale Rolle auf dem diesjährigen
TSI Kongress 2013 in Berlin am 26. und 27. September 2013.